U.S. consumers shrug off high inflation, lean on savings to boost spending

The case for an aggressive monetary policy stance from the U.S. central bank was also strengthened by other data on Friday showing compensation for American workers recording its largest increase in more than three decades in the first quarter. Companies are boosting wages in a desperate bid to attract scarce workers.

The strength in consumer spending heading into the second quarter allayed fears of a recession after the economy unexpectedly contracted in the first three months of the year.

“There’s nothing about to go wrong with the economy with the consumer still cheerleading the way forward to prosperity,” said Christopher Rupkey, chief economist at FWDBONDS in New York. “No recession on the horizon yet.”

Consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of U.S. economic activity, surged 1.1 percent last month, the Commerce Department said. Data for February was revised higher to show outlays advancing 0.6 percent instead of 0.2 percent as previously reported.

Spending on services increased 1.1 percent, lifted by demand for international travel, dining out at restaurants as well as hotel stays. There were also increases in healthcare spending and outlays on recreation and transportation services.

Spending on goods increased 1.2 percent, mostly reflecting gasoline and other energy products, as well as food, whose prices have risen sharply. Spending on long-lasting goods like motor vehicles fell for a second straight month because of shortages.

Economists polled by Reuters had forecast consumer spending increasing 0.7 percent. Even with prices sky-rocketing, inflation- adjusted consumer spending eked out a 0.2 percent gain last month, highlighting the economy’s underlying strength in an increasingly turbulent environment.

The data was included in the advance first-quarter gross domestic product report on Thursday, which showed the economy contracting at a 1.4 percent annualized rate because of a wider trade deficit. This was due to surging imports, and a slower pace of inventory accumulation relative to the fourth quarter’s robust rate. Consumer spending picked up last quarter, combining with business investment to boost domestic demand.

Stocks on Wall Street fell. The dollar slipped against a basket of currencies. U.S. Treasury yields rose.

Inflation peaked?

The personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index shot up 0.9 percent in March, the largest increase since September 2005, after climbing 0.5 percent in February. In the 12 months through March, the PCE price index jumped 6.6 percent, the largest gain since January 1982, after rising 6.3 percent in February.

March, however, likely marked the peak in that price index. Economists expect the increase in the annual PCE price index to start slowing as last year’s large gains drop out of the calculation. In addition, the shift in spending back to services from goods is seen easing pressure on supply chains.

Excluding the volatile food and energy components, the PCE price index rose 0.3 percent after a similar gain in February. The so-called core PCE price index increased 5.2 percent year-on-year in March after accelerating 5.3 percent in February.

Annual inflation by all measures has overshot the Fed’s 2 percent target and the central bank is expected to hike interest rates by half-a-percentage point next Wednesday. The Fed raised its policy interest rate by 25 basis points in March, and is soon likely to start trimming its asset holdings.

Even if inflation has peaked, it could remain uncomfortably high for a while. A separate report from the Labor Department on Friday showed its Employment Cost Index, the broadest measure of labor costs, jumped 1.4 percent in the first quarter after advancing 1.0 percent in the October-December period.

Labor costs soared 4.5 percent on a year-on-year basis, the biggest gain since 2001, after increasing 4.0 percent in the fourth quarter.

The ECI is widely viewed by policymakers as one of the better measures of labor market slack and a predictor of core inflation as it adjusts for composition and job quality changes.

“With compensation costs from an overheated labor market a more persistent source of inflation and more within the Fed’s purview, today’s report ups the chance for multiple 50 points rate hikes at coming meetings, beginning with next week’s meeting,” said Sarah House, a senior economist at Wells Fargo in Charlotte, North Carolina.

There were a near record 11.3 million job openings at the end of February.

Wages and salaries increased 1.2 percent last quarter after rising 1.0 percent in the fourth quarter. They were up 4.7 percent year-on-year. But high inflation eroded the gains for employees. Inflation-adjusted wages fell 3.6 percent year-on-year.

Benefits jumped 1.8 percent, the most in 18 years, after increasing 0.9 percent in the October-December quarter.

With inflation wiping out the compensation gains, consumers are tapping into savings to fund their spending, which some said suggested a slowdown in consumption was looming.

The saving rate dropped to 6.2 percent, the lowest since December 2013, from 6.8 percent in February. Consumers accumulated more than $2 trillion in excess savings during the pandemic.

“Rising prices is eating away at the real value of these savings,” said Andrew Hollenhorst, chief U.S. economist at Citigroup in New York. “Real incomes excluding transfer payments are essentially flat over the last six months which implies either wages need to accelerate further or real consumption will continue to slow.”